Algoritmos para Jornalismo: o futuro da produção de notícias

Carl-Gustav Linden

Resumo


As notícias geradas por software, às vezes chamadas de “jornalismo robô”, recentemente deram origem a preocupações de que a automação das notícias tornará os jornalistas redundantes. Esses argumentos seguem uma linha de pensamento determinista. Algoritmos escolhem informações para os usuários, mas também são o construto do processo e da prática social. O objetivo deste ensaio é explorar “a virada algorítmica” (Napoli, 2014) na produção de notícias. Com base em estudos de caso de três agências de notícias distintas, constatou-se que o impacto das notícias automatizadas é, em primeiro lugar, maior eficiência e satisfação no trabalho com a automação de tarefas de rotina monótonas e propensas a erros; segundo, automação de tarefas rotineiras de jornalismo, resultando em perdas de empregos de jornalistas; e terceiro, novas formas de trabalho que exigem pensamento computacional

Palavras-chave


Práticas jornalísticas; jornalismo robótico; algoritmos; automação.

Texto completo:

PDF PDF

Referências


ACEMOGLU, D.; ROBINSON, J. A. Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity and poverty. New York: Crown

Publishers. Akst, D. Automation anxiety. The Wilson Quarterly, Summer, 2013. Disponível em:

wilsonquarterly.com/ sites/default/files/articles/AutomationAnxiety.pdf>

ANDERSON, C. Notes towards an analysis of computational journalism. 2011. Disponível em:

com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2009292>.

ANDERSON, C. Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism. New Media & Society, v. 15 n. 7, p.

-1021, 2013.

BAKHSHI, H., FREY, C. B.; OSBOURNE, M. Creativity vs. robots: The creative economy and the future of employment.

London: Nesta, 2015.

BERRY, D. M. Philosophy of software: Code and mediation in the digital age. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

BIJKER, W., HUGHES, T., & PINCH, T. (Eds.). The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the

sociology and history of technology. Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1987.

BOGNER, A.; LITTIG, B.; MENZ, W. Introduction: Expert interviews—An introduction to a new methodological debate. In:

BOGNER, A; LITTIG, B; MENZ, W (Eds.). Interviewing experts (p. 1-13). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

BOSTROM, N. Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press, 2014.

CLERWALL, C. Enter the robot journalist. Journalism Practice, v. 8, n. 5, p. 519-531, 2014. Disponível em:

Coddington, M. Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn: A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational

journalism, and computer-assisted reporting. Digital Journalism, v. 3, n. 3, p. 331-348, 2015.

COHEN, S.; HAMILTON, J. T.; TURNER, F. Computational journalism. Communications of the ACM, v. 54, n. 10, p. 66-

, 2011.

COHEN, S.; LI, C.; YANG, J.; YU, C. Computational journalism: A call to arms to database researchers. Artigo

apresentado no CIDR, 2011, 148-151.

COOK, T. E. Governing with the news: The news media as a political institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

DOMINGOS, P. The master algorithm: How the quest for the ultimate learning machine will remake our world. St Ives:

Allen Lane, 2015.

DORR, K. N. Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism. Digital Journalism, v. 4, n. 6, p. 700-722, 2016.

EDGE, A. Ophan: Key metrics informing editorial at the Guardian, 2014. Disponível em:

co.uk/news/how-ophan-offers-bespoke-datato-inform-content-at-the-guardian/s2/a563349/>.

ERICSSON, K. A. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in medicine and

related domains. Academic Medicine, v. 79, n. 10, S70-S81, 2004.

ESS, C. M. Editor’s introduction: Innovations in the newsroom – and beyond. Journal of Media Innovations, v. 1, n. 2,

p. 1-9, 2014.

FAIRFIELD, J.; Shtein, H. . Big data, big problems: Emerging issues in the ethics of data science and journalism. Journal

of Mass Media Ethics, v. 29, n. 1, p. 38-51, 2014. Disponivel em:

FLEW, T.; SPURGEON, C.; DANIEL, A.; SWIFT, A. The promise of computational journalism. Journalism Practice, v. 6, n.

, p. 157-171, 2012. Disponível em:

FOGEL, D. B. Evolutionary computation: Toward a new philosophy of machine intelligence. Hoboken, New Jersey: John

Wiley & Sons, 2006.

FREY, C. B.; OSBORNE, M. Technology at work: The future of innovation and employment. Oxford: Oxford Martin

School and Citigroup, 2015.

FREY, C. B.; OSBORNE, M. A. The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?(No. 103).

Oxford: OMS Working Papers, 2013.

GARRISON, B. Computer-assisted reporting near complete adoption. Newspaper Research Journal, v. 22, n. 1, p.

-79, 2001a.

GARRISON, B. Diffusion of online information technologies in newspaper newsrooms. Journalism, v. 2, n. 2, p. 221-

, 2001b.

GILLESPIE, T. The relevance of algorithms. In: GILLEPSIE, TL; BOCZKOWSKI, P.J.; FOOT, K. (Eds.), Media technologies,

essays on communication, materiality and society (pp. 167-194). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014.

GORE, A. (2015). The future: Six drivers of globalchange. New York: Penguin Random House, 2015.

GRINT, K.; WOOLGAR, S. The machine at work: Technology, work and organization. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997.

GYNNILD, A. Journalism innovation leads to innovation journalism: The impact of computational exploration on

changing mindsets. Journalism, v. 15, n. 6, p. 713-730, 2014.

HAMILTON, J. T.; TURNER, F. Accountability through algorithm: Developing the field of computational journalism. Artigo

apresentado no Summwe Workshop, 27-41, 2009. Disponível em:

Turner%20Acc%20by%20 Alg%20Final.pdf>.

HANITZSCH, T. et al. Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism

Studies, v. 12, n. 3, p. 273-293, 2011.

HERMIDA, A.; THURMAN, N. A clash of cultures. Journalism Practice, v. 2, n. 3, p. 343-356, 2008. Disponível em:

i:10.1080/17512780802054538>.

HIPP, J. et al. Computer aided diagnostic tools aim to empower rather than replace pathologists: Lessons learned from

computational chess. Journal of Pathology Informatics, v. 2, 2011. Disponível em:

HOWARD, A. B. The art and science of datadriven journalism. New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia

University, 2014.

HOYLE BROWN, R.; ROEHRIG, P.; & MALHOTRA, V. The robot and I: How new digital technologies are making smart

people and businesses smarter by automating rote work. Teaneck, NJ: Cognizant, 2015.

KARLSEN, J; Stavelin, E. Computational journalism in norwegian newsrooms. Journalism Practice, v. 8, n. 1, p. 34-48,

KENT, T. An ethical checklist for robot journalism. 2015. Disponível em: .

KIDDER, R. M. How good people make tough choices. New York: Morrow, 1995.

KIM, J.; LEE, K.; KIM, Y.; KUPPUSWAMY, N. S.; JO, J. Ubiquitous robot: A new paradigm for integrated services. Artigo

apresentado no 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2853-2858.

KLEIN, S. How to edit 52,000 stories at once. 2013. Disponível em:

org/nerds/item/how-to-edit-52000-stories-at-once>.

KVALE, S. The dominance of dialogical interview research. Impuls, v. 1, p. 5-13, 2005.

LATAR, N. L. (2014). Robot journalists: ‘Quakebot’ is just the beginning. Disponível em:

upenn.edu/ article/will-robot-journalistsreplace-humanl-ones/>.

LEVY, S. Can an algorithm write a better news story than a human reporter? Wired, 2012.

LEWIS, S. C.; WESTLUND, O. Big data and journalism: Epistemology, expertise, economics, and ethics. Digital

Journalism, v. 3, n. 3, p. 447-466, 2014. Disponível em:

LINDEN, C. Decades of automation in the newsroom: Why are there still so many jobs in journalism? Digital Journalism,

v. 5, n. 2, p. 123-140, 2017.

MAIER, S. R. Digital diffusion in newsrooms: The uneven advance of computer-assisted reporting. Newspaper Research

Journal, v. 21, n. 2, p. 95-110, 2000.

MARCH, J. G.; OLSEN, J. P. Rediscovering institutions:The organizational basis of politics. New York: Free Press, 1989.

MATSUMOTO, R.; NAKAYAMA, H.; HARADA, T.; KUNIYOSHI,Y. Journalist robot: Robot system making news articles

from real world. Artigo apresentado na 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, p. 1234-

, 2007.

MCLUHAN, M. The Gutenberg galaxy: The making of typographic man University of Toronto Press, 2011.

MEYER, J. W.; WAN, B. Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. The American Journal

of Sociology, v. 83, n. 2, p. 340-363, 1977.

MEYER, P. (1973). Precision journalism: A reporter’s introduction to social science methods. Bloomington: Indiana

University Press, 1973.

NAPOLI, P. M. Audience evolution and the future of audience research. International Journal on Media Management,

v. 14, n. 2, p. 79-97, 2012.

NAPOLI, P. M. Automated media: An institutional theory perspective on algorithmic media production and consumption.

Communication Theory, v. 24, n. 3, p. 340-360, 2014a.

NAPOLI, P. M. On automation in media industries: Integrating algorithmic media production into media industries

scholarship. Media Industries, v. 1, n. 1, 2014b.

Napoli, P. M. Audience economics: Media institutions and the audience marketplace. New York: Columbia University

Press, 2003.

Nunez, M. Want to know what Facebook really thinks of journalists? Here’s what happened when it hired some.

Disponível em: .

OECD. Skills outlook 2013: First results from the survey of adult skills. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013.

ÖRNEBRING, H. Newsworkers: A comparative European perspective. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

ÖRNEBRING, H. Technology and journalism-aslabour: Historical perspectives. Journalism, v. 11, n. 1, p. 57-74., 2013.

Disponível em:

PARASIE, S.; DAGIRAL, E. Data-driven journalism and the public good: “Computer-assistedreporters” and

“programmer-journalists” in chicago. New Media & Society, 15(6), 853-871, 2012. Disponível em:

>.

PAVLIK, J. The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, v. 1, n. 2, p. 229-237, 2000. Disponível em:

.

POLANYI, M. The tacit dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967.

POWERS, M. “In forms that are familiar and yetto-be invented” american journalism and the discourse of technologically

specific work. Journal of Communication Inquiry, v. 36, n. 1, p. 24-43, 2012.

QUINN, A. Moral virtues for journalists. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, v. 22, n. 2-3, p. 168-186, 2007.

RAHM, E.; DO, H. H. Data cleaning: Problems and current approaches. IEEE Data Eng.Bull., v. 23, n. 4, p. 3-13, 2000.

ROMENESKO, J. Hyperlocal content creator journatic is renamed locallabs. 2014. Disponível em:

jimromenesko.com/2014/04/14/hyperlocal-content-creatorjournatic-is-renamed-locallabs/#respond>.

SALTZIS, K; DICKINSON, R. Inside the changing newsroom: Journalists’ responses to media convergence. AP, v. 60, n.

, p. 216-228, 2008. Disponível em:

SINGER, J. B. Strange bedfellows? the diffusion of convergence in four news organizations. Journalism Studies, v. 5,

n. 1, p. 3-18, 2004.

SPARROW, B. H. Uncertain guardians: The news media as a political institution. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University

Press, 1999.

STAVELIN, E. Computational journalism. When journalism meets programming (PhD). 2014.

STONE, H. S. (1971). Introduction to computer organization and data structures. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Tarkov, A.

(2012). Journatic worker takes ‘This American Life’ inside outsourced journalism. Disponível em:

news/mediawire/179555/journatic-staffer-takes-this-american-life-inside-outsourced-journalism/>.

THOMPSON, C. Clive Thompson on the cyborg advantage. Wired, 2010.

THORÉN, C. Print or perish? A study of inertia in a regional newspaper industry (PhD). 2014.

TUNSTALL, J. Journalists at work: Specialist correspondents: Their news organizations, news sources, and competitorcolleagues

(Repr. ed.). Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage, 1975

VAN DALEN, A. The algorithms behind the headlines:How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human

journalists. Journalism Practice, v. 6, n. 5-6, p. 648-658, 2012.

WING, J. M. Computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, v. 49, n. 3, p. 33-35, 2006.

WING, J. M. Computational thinking. Artigo foi apresentado no OurCSWorkshop, 3, 2011.

YOUNG, M. L.; HERMIDA, A. (2014). From mr. and mrs. outlier to central tendencies. Digital Journalism,v. 3, n. 3, p.

-397, 2014. Disponível em:

ZHOU, A., Qu, B., Li, H., Zhao, S., Suganthan, P. N., ZHANG, Q. Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: A survey of the

state of the art. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, v. 1, n. 1, p. 32-49, 2011.


Apontamentos

  • Não há apontamentos.



Os artigos publicados nesta revista estão licenciados com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional.